Dog head - superficial and deep dissections

Superficial anatomical structures:

• Tip of the nose (Apex nasi)
• Right and left wings of the nose (Alae nasi)
• Nonglandular skin of the tip of the nose (Planum nasale)

Superficial dissection on the left side:
On the left side, the skin has been removed to identify the main anatomical structures, which are described in groups below.

Muscles of the facial neuromuscular system:

• Levator nasolabialis muscle (M. levator nasolabialis)
• Caninus muscle (M. caninus)
• Buccinator muscle (M. buccinator)
• Zygomaticus muscle (M. zygomaticus)
• Parotidoauricularis muscle (M. parotidoauricularis)

Muscles of the mandibular neuromuscular system (masticatory muscles):

• Masseter muscle (M. masseter)
• Temporal muscle (M. temporalis)

Nerves:

• Facial nerve (N. facialis)
• Dorsal buccal branch (Rami buccales)
• Ventral buccal branch (Rami buccales)
• Buccolabial branches (Rami buccolabiales)
• Auriculopalpebral nerve (N. auriculopalpebralis)

Vessels:

• Facial artery (A. facialis)
• External jugular vein (V. jugularis externa), with the maxillary vein (V. maxillaris) and the linguofacial vein (V. linguofacialis)

Salivary glands:

• Parotid gland and parotid duct (Glandula parotis, Ductus parotideus)
• Mandibular gland (Glandula mandibularis)

Lymph nodes:

• Mandibular lymph nodes (Lnn. mandibulares)

Deep dissection on the right side:
On the right side the mandible has been removed to show deeper anatomical structures. The surfaces of the temporal bone for the temporomandibular joint (Articulatio temporomandibularis) can be seen. The medial pterygoid muscle (M. pterygoideus medialis) is identified and sectioned at its insertion on the ramus of the mandible (Ramus mandibulae). Next to this muscle, the branches of the mandibular nerve (N. mandibularis) are identified, as well as the maxillary nerve (N. maxillaris) and the maxillary artery (A. maxillaris). Near the external acoustic meatus (Meatus acusticus externus), the facial nerve (N. facialis) has been preserved with one of its branches, the auriculopalpebral nerve (N. auriculopalpebralis), which runs parallel to the zygomatic arch (Arcus zygomaticus) and is visible after removal of the parotid salivary gland (Glandula parotis). The tongue is shown in its entire caudal extent, reached by the styloglossus (M. styloglossus), genioglossus (M. genioglossus) and geniohyoid (M. geniohyoideus) muscles. Next to these muscles, the hypoglossal nerve (N. hypoglossus) is identified. In relation to the pharynx (Pharynx), the pharyngeal constrictor muscles (Mm. constrictores pharyngis caudales) are identified. In the most caudal area, in relation to the neck, the course of the common carotid artery (A. carotis communis) and the vagosympathetic trunk (Truncus vagosympathicus) are identified.